There are preventable ailments that require specialized attention.

A fundamental part of women's well-being is related to gynecological health, as various conditions can arise at different stages of their lives, from menstrual disorders and sexually transmitted diseases to ovarian cysts, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, and genitourinary syndrome.

Each stage of life requires specific care, says Dr. Radamés Rivas López, a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics with a subspecialty in human reproductive biology. In an interview, he discusses the most common diseases by age, in conjunction with the International Day of Action for Women's Health, commemorated on May 28.

Different stages

The specialist points out that female reproductive health can be divided into stages ranging from adolescence to menopause, each with its own unique characteristics and risks.

During adolescence, the most common ailments are menstrual irregularities, primarily irregular bleeding. It's common for periods to be absent every month, to be very heavy, or to occur every two or three months after the first menstruation. This may be normal for the first six to eight months; however, if irregularities persist after a year or if severe pain develops, it's necessary to see a doctor, as these symptoms can be debilitating.

Rivas López indicates that nearly 90% of adolescents experience menstrual disorders such as irregular bleeding, missed periods, excessive bleeding, or severe pain. Although these problems are common, the good news is that they are treatable and manageable with timely care.

With the onset of sexual activity, the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increases, including chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), Gardnerella, and Trichomonas. The doctor emphasizes that the HPV vaccine should be administered between the ages of 9 and 10, before the onset of sexual relations. Two- or three-dose schedules are available, depending on the type of vaccine and the manufacturer. This immunization can prevent up to 80% of HPV-related cancers.

Although HPV vaccination is relatively new in Mexico, it has proven effective. Three decades ago, cervical cancer was the leading cause of cancer death in women; today, it has been surpassed by breast cancer, thanks to preventive efforts such as vaccination, regular checkups, and appropriate treatment.

It's also common for adolescents to experience ovarian cysts, most of which are benign, although they can cause pain. If they rupture, they may require surgery. Another common problem at this stage is hormonal imbalance, which can lead to acne and menstrual cycle disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome is also often diagnosed at this stage or during the early reproductive years.

During the reproductive stage, the most common conditions include endometriosis, a disease characterized by the growth of tissue outside the uterus, which causes chronic pain, menstrual disorders, and infertility. This condition has a significant impact on patients' daily lives, as it can lead to absences from school or work.

Fibroids, benign tumors located in the uterine muscle, are another common cause of irregular periods and difficulty conceiving. Pelvic inflammatory disease is also a common condition, similar in symptoms to STIs, although it is not always caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Agents such as gonorrhea, syphilis, or mycoplasma can cause infections in the genital or urinary tract.

During perimenopause and menopause, the most common disorders are those associated with genitourinary syndrome, caused by a decrease in estrogen. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, pain during intercourse, irritation, and itching.

Dr. Rivas clarifies that, although hormone replacement therapy is used in some cases, it is not always necessary. There are local treatments, such as ovules or estrogen creams, which help restore the vaginal epithelium. At this stage, there is also a greater predisposition to recurrent vaginal and urinary tract infections due to hormonal deficiency, which facilitates the proliferation of bacteria and fungi.

More and more women in perimenopause are concerned about their health and seeking medical advice to properly navigate this stage. The specialist warns that there are digital channels that spread misinformation, which has contributed to demonizing the use of hormones. "The problem isn't the hormones themselves, but rather their inappropriate use, misprescribing, or prescription by non-professionals, which can lead to complications," he points out.

When used appropriately, hormones are great allies, as their purpose is to replace or restore what the body loses with estrogen depletion. Each patient requires individualized treatment, with the appropriate dose, dosage, and frequency for their particular situation.

Other problems

During menopause, in addition to gynecological symptoms, women face more complex problems, such as cardiovascular disease. The decrease in estrogen increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and lipid metabolism disorders. Anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders may also occur, which can significantly impact quality of life.

Other common symptoms at this stage include hot flashes, dry skin, pain during sexual intercourse, and vaginal atrophy. While these aren't considered diseases in their own right, they affect women's well-being.

Osteoporosis is also a common condition during menopause. The loss of bone density causes weakness and a high risk of fractures. Therefore, the approach must be comprehensive and multidisciplinary, with the support of specialists such as urologists, cardiologists, internists, psychiatrists, or psychologists, depending on the needs of each patient.

Dr. Radamés Rivas urges women not to neglect their health, to prepare for each stage of life in advance, and not wait for complications to arise. Leading a healthy lifestyle, maintaining a healthy weight, preventing or managing chronic diseases, and engaging in regular physical activity can make a significant difference in aging with quality of life and overall well-being.— Iris Ceballos Alvarado

Silent Risk Factors More details

Sedentary lifestyle, smoking and self-medication affect female hormonal balance.

Hormonal health

Changes in estrogen production influence the menstrual cycle, fertility, and physical and emotional symptoms throughout a woman's life.

Comprehensive care

Gynecological health must be addressed alongside metabolic, emotional, and cardiovascular aspects to achieve feminine well-being at every stage of life.

Preventable cancer

The human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer, but proper vaccination significantly reduces the risk in young women.

Multi-disciplinary

Menopause care requires a variety of specialists to assist women in their physical, emotional, and preventive adaptation to this stage.