What is childhood hyponatremia: causes, early symptoms, and treatments

Of all the minerals in the body that play a fundamental role in maintaining health and balance, sodium plays a key role in regulating the body's water balance, keeping blood pressure at optimal levels, and contributing to proper muscle and nerve function . A lack of sodium in the blood, which is more common in childhood, is called hyponatremia.

Thus, this condition, in which blood sodium levels decrease significantly, causes an alteration in the presence of water in cells. When water increases in the body, cellular inflammation occurs , increasing the risk of health complications and, potentially, life-threatening conditions. In children, dehydration due to diarrhea or vomiting can lead to hyponatremia.

How do I know if my child has hyponatremia, or sodium deficiency?

Diagnosis of this sodium deficiency, hyponatremia, is made through a blood and urine test . Once the doctor confirms it, treatment will most likely be prescribed to increase blood sodium levels and achieve electrolyte balance , using intravenous fluids and certain medications. Among the causes, the most common in children is the elimination of this mineral through vomiting or diarrhea.

Detecting hyponatremia in a child involves observing symptoms such as persistent nausea (which shows an electrolyte imbalance), vomiting, headaches (due to the brain swelling it causes), confusion and disorientation, and/or fatigue ( a lack of sodium causes a lack of energy , mental drowsiness in the child, and muscle weakness).

In the most severe cases, hyponatremia can lead to loss of consciousness and even seizures, as well as difficulty breathing normally. This stage requires urgent medical attention.

What could be the causes of this sodium deficiency?

A normal blood sodium level is considered to be between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when body sodium levels fall below 135 mEq/L . In this scenario, Mayo Clinic experts identify possible underlying conditions.

On the one hand, certain diuretics, antidepressants, or painkillers can interfere with normal renal and hormonal processes that maintain sodium levels within healthy ranges. Another possibility is certain heart, kidney, and liver problems. Congestive heart failure and certain diseases affecting the kidneys or liver can cause fluid accumulation in the body, which dilutes sodium and decreases the total level of this essential mineral.

But besides vomiting and diarrhea "eliminating" sodium, hyponatremia can also be caused by excessive water intake . Drinking too much water can lead to low sodium levels, as the kidneys' ability to excrete water is overwhelmed. Sodium is also lost through sweating , so you need to be mindful of what you drink during intense exercise and at high temperatures.